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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

Training phonological reading in deep alexia: does it improve reading words with low imageability?

Mikyong Kim1, Danielle Beaudoin-Parsons

  • 1Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, RI 02881, USA. mkim@uri.edu

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics
|May 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Bigraph-syllable reading training improved low imageability word reading and paragraph comprehension in deep alexia. This method offers better phonemic cues than traditional grapheme-phoneme pairing.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Speech and Language Therapy

Background:

  • Deep alexia is a reading disorder characterized by difficulties in phonological processing.
  • Traditional reading interventions often focus on grapheme-phoneme correspondence.
  • Low imageability words pose a challenge due to limited semantic support.

Observation:

  • An individual with deep alexia was trained using a bigraph-syllable pairing method.
  • The training adapted Friedman and Lott's bigraph-syllable correspondence procedure.
  • Grapheme-phoneme pairing was used as a baseline comparison.

Findings:

  • Bigraph-syllable training significantly improved the reading of low imageability words.
  • Treatment effects generalized to reading low imageability words, a novel finding.
  • Oral reading accuracy and paragraph comprehension also showed marked improvement.

Implications:

  • Bigraph-syllable correspondence training is an effective intervention for deep alexia.
  • This method may enhance reading by providing stronger phonemic cues for abstract words.
  • Findings suggest a potential new avenue for treating reading impairments.