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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
06:09

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Emphysematous pyelonephritis.

Jinn-Ming Wang1, Hwee-Kheng Lim, Kwok-Kuen Pang

  • 1Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan. wkheng@ms1.mmh.org.tw

Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
|May 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) has a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis with CT and prompt drainage, alongside antibiotics, offers a viable alternative to nephrectomy for this severe condition.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Radiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe necrotizing infection of the kidney with a high mortality rate.
  • Optimal management strategies for EPN remain a subject of debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities and assess treatment outcomes for patients with EPN.
  • To identify predictors of mortality in EPN patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 26 EPN patients treated between January 1993 and December 2004.
  • Review of historical, demographic, and laboratory data.
  • Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of plain X-ray, ultrasonography, and CT scans.

Main Results:

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Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis
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Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis

Published on: July 8, 2025

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
06:09

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis
03:57

Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis

Published on: July 8, 2025

  • CT demonstrated 100% diagnostic accuracy for EPN, outperforming X-ray (36%) and ultrasonography (50%).
  • Eighteen out of 26 patients survived.
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis, obesity, and smoking were significant predictors of mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of EPN is crucial and best achieved with CT.
  • CT-guided percutaneous drainage or open drainage, combined with antibiotics, presents a viable alternative to nephrectomy.
  • Aggressive management, including timely drainage and antibiotics, can improve outcomes in EPN patients.