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Related Concept Videos

Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
The DNA Helix01:07

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
The DNA Helix01:16

The DNA Helix

Overview
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
04:16

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

Polio and Nobel prizes: looking back 50 years.

Erling Norrby1, Stanley B Prusiner

  • 1Center for History of Science, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. erling.norrby@kva.se

Annals of Neurology
|May 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for polio virus tissue culture was influenced by Sven Gard. His role in the award deliberations and vaccine development

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • History of Science

Background:

  • The 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognized the discovery of poliomyelitis virus's ability to grow in tissue cultures.
  • This breakthrough enabled the development of inactivated and live polio vaccines.

Observation:

  • Archival research into Nobel Committee deliberations reveals Sven Gard's significant influence.
  • Gard, a Professor of Virus Research, persuaded the College of Teachers to override the Nobel Committee's recommendation for Vincent du Vigneaud.
  • The 1954 Prize also noted the unusual inclusion of Weller and Robbins based on limited nominations.

Findings:

  • Sven Gard played a pivotal role in the awarding of the 1954 Nobel Prize.
  • Gard's influence altered the initial recommendation, impacting the prize recipients.

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A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example

Published on: May 29, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
04:16

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification
07:06

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Published on: April 20, 2011

A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example
08:10

A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example

Published on: May 29, 2012

  • The prize recognized the foundational work for polio vaccine production and broader virus research.

    • Implications:

    • This historical analysis sheds light on the complex decision-making processes within Nobel Prize selection.
    • Understanding Gard's influence provides new context for the recognition of polio research.
    • The study prompts further consideration of why subsequent contributions to polio vaccines by scientists like Salk, Koprowski, and Sabin were not awarded Nobel Prizes.