[Fetal echocardiography--normal ultrasound findings in the fetal heart]

Area of Science:

• Medical imaging
• Fetal medicine
• Cardiology

Background:

• Congenital heart disease (CHD) represents the most common group of structural abnormalities in fetuses and newborns.
• Despite its prevalence, prenatal diagnosis of CHD remains suboptimal.
• Early identification of fetal cardiac anomalies is crucial for timely intervention and improved outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline the standard procedure for fetal heart ultrasound examination.
• To describe the key anatomical structures and views for assessing a normal fetal heart.
• To serve as a guide for healthcare professionals performing prenatal cardiac screenings.

Main Methods:

• Review of established ultrasound protocols for fetal echocardiography.
• Description of systematic examination steps for the normal fetal heart.
• Inclusion of standard imaging planes and anatomical landmarks.

Main Results:

• Detailed description of the four-chamber view, outflow tracts, and great vessels.
• Guidance on assessing cardiac situs, size, and rhythm.
• Identification of critical structures for ruling out major congenital heart defects.

Conclusions:

• A standardized approach to fetal heart ultrasound is essential for accurate prenatal assessment.
• Proficiency in examining the normal fetal heart aids in identifying potential abnormalities.
• This review provides a foundational understanding for prenatal screening of congenital heart disease.