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Related Concept Videos

Stress and Mental Health01:30

Stress and Mental Health

Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Individuals with depression often experience challenges in both their personal and professional...
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
07:57

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Anxiety, depression, and cause-specific mortality: the HUNT study.

Arnstein Mykletun1, Ottar Bjerkeset, Michael Dewey

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Bergen, Norway. Arnstein.Mykletun@psyhp.uib.no

Psychosomatic Medicine
|May 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Depression significantly increases the risk of death from all major diseases, not just cardiovascular disease or suicide. Anxiety showed no such association with mortality in this study.

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Depression is linked to increased general mortality, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and suicide.
  • The relationship between anxiety and mortality is less understood, with scarce and conflicting literature.
  • Understanding the specific causes of death associated with mental health conditions is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically investigate the association between anxiety/depression and cause-specific mortality.
  • To examine the underlying mechanisms and specific causes of death linked to these mental health conditions.
  • To clarify the role of anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity in mortality risk.

Main Methods:

  • A historical cohort design was employed, linking an epidemiological study with national mortality data.
  • Baseline mental health data (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) were collected from 61,349 participants.
  • Causes of death were classified using the International Classification of Diagnoses, 10th edition (ICD-10) over a mean follow-up of 4.4 years.

Main Results:

  • Depression was associated with an increased mortality rate across all major disease-related causes.
  • Anxiety and comorbid anxiety/depression did not show a significant increase in mortality for most causes.
  • Anxiety symptom load was negatively associated with both CVD and other cause mortality.
  • Accidents and suicide were primarily linked to comorbid anxiety/depression.

Conclusions:

  • Depression is a significant risk factor for all major disease-related deaths, extending beyond CVD and suicide.
  • The impact of depression on cardiac mortality is comparable to its effect on all other causes combined.
  • Future research on depression's mechanisms of mortality should consider a broader range of causes beyond CVD.