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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
08:40

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting

Published on: March 1, 2019

Envelope-receptor interactions in Nipah virus pathobiology.

Benhur Lee1

  • 1UCLA/MIMG, 3825 Mol Sci Bldg, East Los Angeles, CA 90095-1489, USA. bleebhl@ucla.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|May 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Nipah virus (NiV) uses EphrinB2 as its primary receptor, explaining its disease mechanisms. Identifying this receptor aids in developing new therapeutics against this dangerous emerging virus.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent paramyxovirus causing fatal encephalitis with high mortality.
  • Human-to-human transmission of NiV is increasingly recognized, highlighting its pandemic potential.
  • NiV is a priority pathogen for biodefense and poses a threat to agriculture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of NiV infections.
  • To document the identification of the NiV receptor and its role in viral entry.
  • To explore therapeutic targets based on receptor interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NiV pathophysiology and receptor identification.
  • Analysis of viral envelope glycoproteins (F and G) and their interactions with host cell receptors.

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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses
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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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  • Discussion of the role of EphrinB2 and EphrinB3 as NiV and Hendra virus (HeV) receptors.

    • Main Results:

    • EphrinB2 is identified as the primary receptor for NiV and HeV, expressed on endothelial cells and neurons.
    • Endothelial syncytium formation, a hallmark of NiV infection, is mediated by viral glycoproteins binding to EphrinB2.
    • EphrinB3 serves as an alternative receptor, potentially explaining differences in NiV and HeV pathogenicity.

    Conclusions:

    • The identification of EphrinB2 as the NiV receptor provides crucial insights into viral tropism and pathogenesis.
    • Understanding these envelope-receptor interactions is key to developing targeted antiviral therapies.
    • Innate immune factors like galectin-1 may also play a role in controlling NiV infection.