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Related Concept Videos

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...
Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

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Related Experiment Video

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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
11:33

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

From glycerol to value-added products.

Mario Pagliaro1, Rosaria Ciriminna, Hiroshi Kimura

  • 1Institute for Scientific Methodology, CNR via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy. mario.pagliaro@ismn.cnr.it

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct, is becoming a key industrial feedstock. New selective processes convert this surplus glycerol into valuable chemical products, positioning it as a central material for future chemical industries.

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Published on: September 2, 2016

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Surplus glycerol generated from biodiesel production presents a significant industrial challenge and opportunity.
  • Traditional uses of glycerol are diminishing, necessitating novel applications for this abundant byproduct.
  • The chemical industry is actively seeking sustainable and cost-effective feedstocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review selective processes for converting glycerol into high-value chemical products.
  • To highlight the potential of glycerol as a central raw material in future chemical industries.
  • To showcase recent advancements in glycerol valorization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of selective catalytic and enzymatic conversion processes for glycerol.
  • Analysis of commercially viable glycerol-derived products.
  • Assessment of glycerol's role in sustainable chemical manufacturing.

Main Results:

  • Several selective processes have been developed to transform glycerol into valuable derivatives.
  • Glycerol's low cost and availability make it an attractive feedstock for various chemical syntheses.
  • Emerging applications demonstrate glycerol's versatility in producing fine chemicals and polymers.

Conclusions:

  • Glycerol is poised to become a cornerstone raw material in the future chemical industry.
  • Continued research in glycerol conversion technologies will drive innovation and sustainability.
  • Valorization of glycerol supports a circular economy by utilizing a biodiesel byproduct.