Age-related differences in the properties of the plantar flexor muscles and tendons

The purpose of this study was to determine age-related differences in the human plantar flexor muscles and tendon.

Four age groups--a 20-yr group (20-27 yr, N = 19), 30-yr group (31-38 yr, N = 15), 50-yr group (46-57 yr, N = 10) and 70-yr group (62-77 yr, N = 15)--volunteered to take part in the present study. Muscle thickness, strength, and activation level (using twitch-interpolation technique) of plantar flexor muscles were measured. Elongation of the Achilles tendon was determined using ultrasonography while subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum.

No significant difference in relative muscle thickness (to limb length) was observed among the four age groups. Muscle strength and activation level of the 20-yr group were significantly higher than those of the 50- and 70-yr groups (activation levels were not measured in the 70-yr group), and maximal strain (elongation/initial tendon length) of the Achilles tendon decreased with aging. Although there were no differences in muscle strength and activation levels between the 20- and 30-yr groups, maximal strain of the Achilles tendon of the 30-yr group was already lower than that of the 20-yr group (P = 0.062).

These results suggest that the processes of age-related changes in the muscle and tendon are different. Furthermore, the differences in age-related changes of muscle and tendon might play a role in the frequency of Achilles tendon ruptures among men in their 30s.