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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization
08:48

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Published on: June 28, 2012

Progress and prospects in mapping recent selection in the genome.

K R Thornton1, J D Jensen, C Becquet

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Heredity
|May 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Understanding adaptive evolution requires identifying genes under natural selection. Analyzing genomic variation helps pinpoint these genes, but distinguishing selection from population history remains a key challenge in evolutionary biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular population genetics

Background:

  • Adaptive evolution is a central goal in evolutionary biology.
  • Genomic data enables the study of genetic variation across many loci.
  • Focus has shifted to identifying multiple loci targeted by natural selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in identifying loci under recent natural selection.
  • To highlight challenges in distinguishing selection from demographic effects.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of naturally occurring genetic variation.
  • Genome-wide data collection and analysis.
  • Review of current methodologies in molecular population genetics.

Main Results:

  • Genomic data facilitates large-scale identification of selected loci.
  • Distinguishing selection from demographic history is a significant challenge.
  • Current methods are advancing the field but require further refinement.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying targets of natural selection is crucial for understanding adaptive evolution.
  • Demographic history confounds the detection of selection.
  • Further research is needed to overcome these challenges in genomic analyses.