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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

46.5K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
46.5K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

11.7K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
11.7K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

32.7K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
32.7K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

12.8K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
12.8K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

154
When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease...
154

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
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The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

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High-resolution subsurface water-ice distributions on Mars.

Joshua L Bandfield1

  • 1School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6305, USA. joshband@asu.edu

Nature
|May 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Water ice is stable in Mars' shallow subsurface, with its depth varying by latitude. New thermal imaging reveals localized variations, suggesting an active Martian water cycle and factors influencing ice table depth.

Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Theoretical models predict stable water ice in Mars' shallow subsurface (<1-2 m) at high latitudes.
  • Previous hydrogen detection by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) supported models of increasing ice table depth with decreasing latitude.
  • Past measurements were limited by the GRS footprint, hindering detailed observation of ice distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sub-kilometer scale heterogeneities in Martian subsurface water ice distribution.
  • To analyze the influence of local surface features and thermal properties on ice table depth.
  • To assess the implications for Mars' current water cycle and climate dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey to observe seasonal surface temperature responses.

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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
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The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

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  • Analyzed thermal data to infer subsurface properties and water ice distribution at sub-kilometer scales.
  • Compared observational data with theoretical models of water ice stability and atmospheric exchange.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the capability to observe surface heterogeneities influencing water ice depth at sub-kilometer scales.
    • Revealed significant regional and local variability in water ice depth, consistent with some atmospheric models.
    • Identified regions with deviations from theoretical stability, indicating additional influencing factors on ice table depth.

    Conclusions:

    • Martian subsurface water ice distribution is highly variable at local scales.
    • Observations support an active Martian water cycle responding to orbital climate cycles.
    • Further research is needed to understand factors causing deviations from theoretical ice stability depths.