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Related Concept Videos

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
Depressants01:28

Depressants

Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
Alcohol is a common depressant that can induce a sense of relaxation and reduced inhibition at low doses. Contrary to its occasional...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
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Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain.

J L Vincent1, G H Patel, M D Fox

  • 1Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.

Nature
|May 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous brain activity, measured by blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal fluctuations, is coherent in resting humans. This study found similar coherent fluctuations in anesthetized monkeys, suggesting this brain organization is conserved across consciousness levels.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Published on: September 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Traditional brain studies focus on stimulus-evoked activity.
  • Most brain energy supports ongoing, unevoked metabolic activity.
  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals spontaneous blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations occur in non-human primates.
  • To determine if these fluctuations exhibit temporal coherence within known functional brain systems.
  • To explore the presence of these phenomena across different states of consciousness.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Monkeys were studied under anesthesia at levels inducing loss of consciousness.
  • Temporal coherence of spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations was analyzed within oculomotor, somatomotor, visual, and default mode networks.

Main Results:

  • Coherent spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations were observed in anesthetized monkeys.
  • These fluctuations were present within established functional systems, including the default mode network.
  • The phenomenon persisted even under profound anesthesia, indicating a fundamental aspect of brain organization.

Conclusions:

  • Spontaneous, coherent BOLD signal fluctuations are not unique to conscious humans.
  • This brain organization likely represents an evolutionarily conserved property.
  • These findings suggest that system-level functional organization transcends states of consciousness.