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Updated: May 5, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
Published on: September 27, 2013
TLR-dependent and TLR-independent pathways of type I interferon induction in systemic autoimmunity
Roberto Baccala1, Kasper Hoebe, Dwight H Kono
1The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, La Jolla, California 93037, USA.
Abstract:
We formulate a two-phase paradigm of autoimmunity associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, the archetypal autoimmune disease. The initial Toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent phase is mediated by dendritic cell uptake of apoptotic cell debris and associated nucleic acids, whereas the subsequent TLR-dependent phase serves an amplification function and is mediated by uptake of TLR ligands derived from self-antigens (principally nucleic acids) complexed with autoantibodies. Both phases depend on elaboration of type I interferons (IFNs), and therapeutic interruption of induction or activity of these cytokines in predisposed individuals might have a substantial mitigating effect in lupus and other autoimmune diseases.
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