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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
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Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

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Food mineral composition and acid-base balance in preterm infants.

Hermann Kalhoff1, Friedrich Manz, Peter Kiwull

  • 1Paediatric Clinic, 44137 Dortmund, Germany. hermann.kalhoff@klinikumdo.de

European Journal of Nutrition
|May 5, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Preterm infants

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Pediatric nutrition
  • Renal function

Background:

  • Preterm infants have immature renal capacity for acid excretion, increasing risk of metabolic acidosis.
  • This can lead to impaired growth and bone mineralization.
  • Dietary factors significantly influence acid-base balance in this vulnerable population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how diet composition affects renal regulation and acid-base balance in preterm infants.
  • To analyze acid-base data from blood and urine under various feeding regimens.
  • To understand the impact of mineral and protein content on infant metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Collected data from 82 preterm infants on different diets: mother's milk (native or fortified) and standard or modified preterm formulas.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
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  • Measured food intake and determined acid-base parameters in blood and timed urine samples.
  • Analyzed the relationship between dietary composition and renal acid-base regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Dietary mineral differences created significant variations in daily alkali intake.
    • Renal base excretion showed a strong, significant correlation with individual dietary alkali intake (P < 0.0001).
    • Blood acid-base parameters (base excess, PCO2) were not significantly affected by diet variations.

    Conclusions:

    • Renal mechanisms effectively compensate for dietary acid-base load differences in preterm infants.
    • Urinary acid-base analysis is a more sensitive indicator of nutritional challenges than blood analysis.
    • Reducing the acid load in standard preterm formulas is recommended due to infants' limited renal acid excretion capacity.