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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings. An...
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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Energy Balance

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Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

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Published on: November 27, 2019

Caloric restriction in humans.

John O Holloszy1, Luigi Fontana

  • 1Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8113, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. jhollosz@im.wustl.edu

Experimental Gerontology
|May 8, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Calorie restriction (CR) shows promise in humans, reducing aging risks and disease factors. Studies suggest CR offers protection against secondary aging by lowering inflammation and improving cardiovascular health.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Published on: November 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Cardiovascular Health

Background:

  • Animal studies show calorie restriction (CR) slows aging and reduces cancer incidence.
  • Human studies on CR are challenging but crucial for understanding its effects.
  • Surrogate measures are necessary to assess CR's impact on human longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the protective effects of calorie restriction (CR) against secondary aging in humans.
  • To investigate whether CR elicits similar aging adaptations in humans as observed in rodents.
  • To assess CR's impact on risk factors for atherosclerosis and diabetes in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing surrogate measures due to the infeasibility of direct longevity studies in humans.
  • Analyzing risk factors for atherosclerosis and diabetes in individuals practicing CR.
  • Measuring biomarkers of inflammation (c-reactive protein, TNFalpha) and thyroid hormone levels.
  • Employing echo-doppler to assess left ventricle (LV) stiffness as an indicator of aging.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary data suggest CR offers significant protection against secondary aging in humans.
  • CR markedly reduces risk factors associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes.
  • Individuals on CR exhibit reduced inflammation, with low c-reactive protein and TNFalpha levels.
  • Observed adaptations include low-normal triiodothyronine levels and improved LV elasticity, indicative of younger cardiac function.

Conclusions:

  • Calorie restriction (CR) demonstrates a powerful protective effect against secondary aging in humans.
  • CR induces adaptations similar to those seen in CR-fed rodents, suggesting conserved anti-aging mechanisms.
  • CR positively impacts key health indicators, including inflammation, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular elasticity.