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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Related Experiment Video

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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
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The CD95 receptor: apoptosis revisited.

Marcus E Peter1, Ralph C Budd, Julie Desbarats

  • 1Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. mpeter@uchicago.edu <mpeter@uchicago.edu>

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The CD95 receptor primarily induces cell death (apoptosis) upon ligand binding. However, emerging research indicates CD95 also regulates various nonapoptotic cellular functions, influenced by tissue type and specific conditions.

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Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular signaling
  • Immunology

Background:

  • CD95 (also known as Fas receptor) is a key mediator of programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • Ligand binding to CD95 initiates intracellular signaling cascades.
  • The canonical role of CD95 is in eliminating unwanted or damaged cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the nonapoptotic functions of CD95.
  • To investigate how tissue context and experimental conditions modulate CD95 signaling.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of CD95's multifaceted roles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CD95 signaling.
  • Analysis of experimental data from various cell types and tissues.
  • Comparative analysis of apoptotic versus nonapoptotic CD95 pathways.

Main Results:

  • CD95 signaling is not limited to apoptosis induction.
  • Diverse nonapoptotic cellular processes are regulated by CD95.
  • The outcome of CD95 activation (apoptotic or nonapoptotic) is context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • CD95 possesses a broader functional repertoire than previously recognized.
  • Understanding CD95's nonapoptotic roles is crucial for comprehending cellular regulation.
  • Future research should focus on dissecting the mechanisms underlying CD95's diverse functions.