[Anatomical basis of sleep]

Sleep is an active and periodic biological state composed of NREM and REM phases, which alternate during the night. Both biological clocks and specific neurotransmitters are involved in the modulation of this system. It is a complex neuronal network in which several areas of the central nervous system are involved. The oneiric processes are also controlled neurally. This work summarises the history of the investigations on this topic from the 19th century to date. It is worth mentioning the recent findings of Lugaresi and colleages who described fatal familial insomnia, a disease that helped to show the importance of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the genesis of slow-wave sleep. Reinoso s group found out that the paramedian ventral area of the oral pontine reticular nucleus is the conductor in the establishment of REM sleep.