Interpreting the effects of response bias on remember-know judgments using signal detection and threshold models

In recognition memory experiments, the tendency to identify a test item as "old" or "new" can be increased or decreased by instructions given at test. The effect of such response bias on remember-know judgments is to change "remember" as well as "old" responses. Existing models of the remember-know paradigm (based on dual-process and signal detection theories) interpret this effect as a shift i nresponse criteria, but differ on the nature ofthe dimension along which t he changes take place. W e extendedthe models to account simultaneously for remember-know and confidence rating data and tested them using old-new (Experiment 1) and remember-know (Experiment 2) rating designs. Quantitative fits show that the signal detection models provide the best overall description of the data.