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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte
06:15

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Published on: July 6, 2022

Nuclear reprogramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer--the cattle story.

X C Tian1, S L Smith, S Q Zhang

  • 1Department of Animal Science/Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Xiuchun.tian@uconn.edu

Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement
|May 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear reprogramming in cloned bovine embryos shows early success, but later developmental gene expression errors may occur. This impacts cloning efficiency in agriculture and biomedicine.

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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte
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Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Published on: July 6, 2022

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) aims to restore cellular totipotency via nuclear reprogramming.
  • Current cloning techniques suffer from low efficiency, necessitating research into reprogramming deficiencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression patterns in cloned bovine embryos and offspring.
  • To compare gene expression between cloned and conventionally produced bovine embryos/offspring.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of candidate genes (imprinted and X-linked) and global gene expression in cloned bovine embryos and term calves.
  • Comparison with conventionally produced embryos and nuclear donor cells.

Main Results:

  • Cloned blastocysts exhibit gene expression profiles similar to naturally fertilized embryos, suggesting successful early reprogramming.
  • Aberrant expression of H19, Igf2r, and X-linked genes was observed in term cloned calves.
  • Gene expression in cloned blastocysts differs significantly from their nuclear donor cells.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear reprogramming appears largely successful by the blastocyst stage in cloned bovine embryos.
  • Gene expression abnormalities may arise during later re-differentiation or from subtle initial reprogramming errors.
  • Understanding these deficiencies is crucial for improving cloning efficiency.