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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Update on vaccination against pertussis.

Carol J Weber¹

¹Regis University, Department of Nursing, Denver, CO, USA.

Urologic Nursing

|May 15, 2007

Summary

Pertussis, or whooping cough, remains a concern despite vaccines. Continued vaccination for children, adolescents, and adults is crucial for prevention.

Area of Science:

Public Health
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Background:

Pertussis (whooping cough) persists in the United States across all age demographics.
Vaccination is recognized as the primary method for pertussis prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

To emphasize the ongoing importance of vaccination in controlling pertussis.
To highlight the need for comprehensive immunization strategies.

Main Methods:

This study is a review of existing pertussis vaccination strategies and their effectiveness.
Analysis of current public health recommendations for pertussis control.

Main Results:

Vaccination programs have demonstrated effectiveness but have not eradicated pertussis.

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Pertussis outbreaks continue to affect unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, underscoring the need for sustained immunity.

Conclusions:

Maintaining high childhood vaccination coverage is essential.
Implementing and promoting adolescent and adult vaccination programs are critical for comprehensive pertussis prevention and control efforts.