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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Repeated thoracic discharges from a stun device.

Daniel J Valentino¹, Robert J Walter, Kimberly Nagy

¹Department of Trauma, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, and Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

The Journal of Trauma

|May 15, 2007

Summary

Electromuscular incapacitation (EMI) devices did not cause significant acidosis or cardiac arrhythmias in a pig model. While lactate levels moderately increased, other vital signs and blood chemistry remained within normal limits, suggesting limited clinical impact.

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Area of Science:

Physiology
Forensic Science
Medical Devices

Background:

Limited objective data exists on the physiological effects of stun guns and electromuscular incapacitation (EMI) devices.
Increasing reports of morbidity and mortality are associated with EMI device use.
Hypothesized that EMI exposure induces clinically significant acidosis and cardiac arrhythmia.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the physiological effects of EMI discharges.
To assess the potential for EMI to induce acidosis and cardiac arrhythmia in an animal model.

Main Methods:

Ten Yucatan mini-pigs were used, with six exposed to EMI discharges and four serving as sham controls.
Anesthetized pigs received two 40-second EMI discharges over the left thorax.
Electrocardiograms, troponin I, blood gases, and lactate levels were monitored pre- and post-discharge at various time points.

Main Results:

No cardiac arrhythmias were observed, and heart rate remained unaffected.
A transient, subclinical increase in troponin I was noted 24 hours post-discharge.
Blood pH and pCO2 showed no significant changes; however, lactate levels moderately increased at 5 minutes post-discharge.

Conclusions:

EMI exposures did not result in extreme acidosis or cardiac arrhythmias.
Observed physiological changes were minor and of limited clinical significance.
Findings may be specific to the MK63 waveform or the animal model used.