Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Anaphylaxis post-COVID-19 vaccinations in Singapore.

Singapore medical journal·2024

Same author

Evaluation of a six-probe cocktail (caffeine, tolbutamide, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, midazolam, and digoxin) approach to estimate hepatic drug detoxification capability and dosage requirements after a single oral dosing in healthy Chinese volunteers.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology·2022

Same author

Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Singapore: A case series.

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore·2022

Same author

A pilot study to examine the association between human gut microbiota and the host's central obesity.

JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2019

Same author

Effects of proton pump inhibitor on the human gut microbiome profile in multi-ethnic groups in Singapore.

Singapore medical journal·2018

Same author

SAHA and cisplatin sensitize gastric cancer cells to doxorubicin by induction of DNA damage, apoptosis and perturbation of AMPK-mTOR signalling.

Experimental cell research·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Weighted target interval stochastic control methods with global optimization and their applications in

Shaolin Ji¹, Yingzhi Zeng, Ping Wu

¹Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Building MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 119260, Singapore.

Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

|May 15, 2007

Summary

This study enhances the target interval stochastic control (TISC) method for personalized medicine. A new approach balances drug efficacy and toxicity risk, improving treatment accuracy and safety.

More Related Videos

Robotically Delivered fMRI-Guided Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Robotically Delivered fMRI-Guided Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Published on: April 10, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Robotically Delivered fMRI-Guided Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Robotically Delivered fMRI-Guided Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Published on: April 10, 2026

Area of Science:

Pharmacometrics
Control Theory
Medical Decision Making

Background:

Individualizing therapy requires balancing drug efficacy with toxicity risk.
Existing target interval stochastic control (TISC) methods may lack optimal strategies for this balance.

Purpose of the Study:

To improve the target interval stochastic control (TISC) method for personalized therapy.
To introduce a systematic approach for determining weighting functions that balance drug efficacy and toxicity.
To enhance the accuracy and safety of individualized drug dosage regimens.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a global optimization control strategy for optimal dosage.
Introduction of weighting functions to balance drug efficacy and toxicity risk.
Application of the standard reference gamble method from medical decision theory for weighting function determination.
Utilizing the D'Argenio and Katz population model for theophylline therapy individualization.

Main Results:

The integrated approach effectively balances drug efficacy and toxicity risk.
The new method demonstrates superior accuracy compared to the traditional TISC method using local optimization.
Provides a systematic framework for determining crucial weighting functions in therapy individualization.

Conclusions:

The enhanced TISC method offers a safe and effective approach to personalized drug therapy.
The integration of global optimization and systematic weighting function determination improves treatment outcomes.
This research advances the field of pharmacometric modeling for individualized patient care.