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Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Transmenopausal changes in the trabecular bone structure.

M P Akhter¹, J M Lappe, K M Davies

¹Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Suite 4820, 610 N, 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131, USA. akhtermp@creighton.edu

|May 15, 2007

Summary

Menopause significantly alters bone structure, decreasing bone density and trabecular number. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) effectively captures these changes, revealing a shift from plate-like to rod-like bone structures.

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Outer-Boundary Assisted Segmentation and Quantification of Trabecular Bones by an Imagej Plugin

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Published on: March 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Bone biology and osteoporosis research.
Menopause and skeletal health.
Advanced imaging techniques in bone analysis.

Background:

Post-menopausal osteoporosis is characterized by skeletal fragility due to microstructural bone changes.
Menopause leads to bone loss and reduced mechanical strength, but detailed microstructural changes require further analysis.
Hormonal shifts during menopause significantly impact bone micro-architecture and density.

Purpose of the Study:

To longitudinally analyze transmenopausal changes in three-dimensional (3-D) trabecular bone architecture.
To investigate the effects of hormonal status changes around menopause on bone micro-architecture.
To compare 3-D micro-CT measurements with traditional 2-D histomorphometry.

Main Methods:

Transilial bone biopsies from pre- and post-menopausal women (n=38) were analyzed.
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to quantify 3-D bone architecture at 30-µm resolution.
Paired t-tests compared pre- and post-menopausal bone structural data.

Main Results:

Micro-CT (3-D) and histomorphometry (2-D) showed good correlation.
Post-menopausal women exhibited significant decreases in bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular number, and density.
Increased trabecular spacing and structure model index indicated a transformation from plate-like to rod-like bone structure.

Conclusions:

Longitudinal 3-D micro-CT measurements are comparable to standard histomorphometry.
Bone structural measurements are sensitive to hormonal status changes across menopause.
These findings enhance understanding of osteoporosis development post-menopause.