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The Colloidal State

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

Colloids and Suspensions

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Thermophoresis in colloidal suspensions driven by Marangoni forces.

Alois Würger¹

¹CPMOH, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.

Physical Review Letters

|May 16, 2007

Summary

Thermophoresis in colloidal suspensions is unaffected by hydrodynamic interactions, meaning the thermal diffusion coefficient of polymer solutions does not depend on molecular weight or concentration.

Area of Science:

Colloid Science
Fluid Dynamics
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Thermophoresis describes particle movement in response to a temperature gradient.
Hydrodynamic interactions can influence particle transport in suspensions.
Surface forces play a role in thermophoretic phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of hydrodynamic interactions in thermophoretic transport.
To analyze the fluid velocity field induced by thermal Marangoni forces.
To determine the impact of these factors on the thermal diffusion coefficient of polymer solutions.

Main Methods:

A hydrodynamic approach using Stokes' equation.
Imposition of slip boundary conditions via thermal Marangoni forces.

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Mapping the Binding Site of an Aptamer on ATP Using MicroScale Thermophoresis

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Derivation of solute velocity and solvent flow fields.

Main Results:

The derived solvent flow field v(r) differs significantly from externally driven particle-induced flow.
Thermophoresis driven by surface forces is insensitive to hydrodynamic interactions.
The thermal diffusion coefficient D(T) for polymer solutions is independent of molecular weight and concentration.

Conclusions:

Hydrodynamic interactions do not influence surface-force-driven thermophoresis.
The thermal diffusion coefficient D(T) is a robust property, independent of polymer characteristics in this context.