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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a DNA...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Transcriptional repressor erf determines extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation.

Chara Papadaki1, Maria Alexiou, Grace Cecena

  • 1Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete 710 03, Greece.

Molecular and Cellular Biology
|May 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates early placental development. Loss of the Erf gene blocks chorionic cell differentiation and chorioallantoic attachment, leading to embryo death.

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Published on: May 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Placental labyrinth development and fetal-maternal circulation establishment are crucial early embryonic processes.
  • Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways regulate extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation and chorioallantoic attachment.
  • The transcription repressor Erf is involved in embryonic development, with restricted expression in the developing placenta.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Erf in trophoblast stem cell differentiation and placental development.
  • To elucidate the function of Erf in extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation and chorioallantoic attachment.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of Erf homozygous knockout mice (Erf(dl1/dl1)).
  • Analysis of placental morphology and histology at different embryonic stages (postcoitum).
  • Derivation and characterization of trophoblast stem cell lines from knockout blastocysts.

Main Results:

  • Homozygous deletion of Erf caused a block in chorionic cell differentiation before chorioallantoic attachment.
  • Erf knockout embryos exhibited a persisting chorion layer, expanded giant cell layer, and diminished spongiotrophoblast layer.
  • Trophoblast stem cells from Erf knockout blastocysts showed delayed differentiation and reduced spongiotrophoblast marker expression.
  • Erf deficiency led to embryo death by 10.5 days postcoitum due to failed placental development.

Conclusions:

  • Attenuation of FGF/Erk signaling and subsequent Erf nuclear function is essential for extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation.
  • Erf plays a critical role in ectoplacental cone cavity closure and chorioallantoic attachment.
  • Proper placental development and fetal-maternal circulation establishment depend on Erf-mediated transcriptional regulation.