Investigation of water and ice by ac impedance using electrochemical properties cup

Water and ice were investigated by ac impedance with the electrochemical properties cup in an effort to develop an in situ instrument for water characterization. In liquid water, the impedance modulus decreased with the increase in charge carriers. In the ice, the impedance measurements were characterized by the dielectric relaxation and its corresponding activation energy. The activation energy of 0.400 eV was determined for pure ice. With ice containing Cl(-) anions, the activation energy was 0.24 eV. H(+) and OH(-) doped ice has the lowest activation energy for dielectric relaxation. Results from previous works are similar to the results reported in this study.