Renal complications in HIV

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy has revolutionised the care of individuals living with HIV-1. As the prognosis for this population has improved, there is an increased risk of other major causes of morbidity and mortality, including renal disease. This review discusses the frequency and causes of renal pathology, how to make the diagnosis and monitor for renal disease in HIV-infected individuals. The review was conducted having examined the key evidence focussing upon HIV and renal complications obtained from peer-reviewed journals (level of evidence I-IV). As the population of individuals living with HIV increases, so too does the prevalence of renal disease. Physicians should be vigilant and recognise individuals at risk of renal complications, and be aware of how to monitor, investigate and treat those affected.