Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2026
08:12
Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
Published on: September 6, 2019
[Perinatal transmission of HIV]
B Gardella1, E Preti, S Zanchi
1Clinica Ostetrica-Ginecologica, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. barbara.gardella@gmail.com
Minerva Ginecologica
|May 17, 2007
Summary
Paediatric HIV infection remains a global pandemic. Effective prevention strategies, including antiretroviral therapy and safe delivery practices, can reduce mother-to-child transmission significantly.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
Context:
- Paediatric HIV infection is a major global health challenge, with rising numbers worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Women and girls are disproportionately affected, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where they constitute a significant majority of those infected.
- The review addresses the critical issue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission timing and its prevention.
Purpose:
- To review current knowledge on the timing of HIV transmission from mother to child.
- To discuss implications for effective prevention strategies.
- To highlight factors influencing transmission and risk.
Summary:
- Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartum via breastfeeding.
- Interventions, including antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and neonatal periods, elective C-sections, and avoiding breastfeeding, can reduce transmission risk from 15-20% to under 2%.
- Advanced maternal HIV, prolonged membrane rupture, and high viral load at delivery increase perinatal transmission risk.
Impact:
- Provides a comprehensive overview of HIV transmission timing and prevention strategies.
- Informs public health policies and clinical practices to combat paediatric HIV.
- Emphasizes the effectiveness of combined interventions in drastically reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission.
More Related Videos
05:22Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface
Published on: December 30, 2025
07:36Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
Published on: November 20, 2015
Related Concept Videos
01:24Transmission of Pathogens
Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
01:26Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
01:28Development of the Oral Microbiota
The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
01:22Development of Immunocompetence
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
01:25Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
01:15Transcytosis of IgG
Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...