Hydrophilicity dependent budding and secretion of chimeric HIV Gag-V3 virus-like particles

Virus-like particles (VLPs) of numerous viruses have been considered as possible candidates for vaccine development. We have constructed HIV chimeric genes by coupling the gag gene of HIV-2 with the V3 domain of the gp120 gene of either HIV-1 or HIV-2 and expressed the chimeric genes in SF21 cells using the recombinant baculovirus expression system. Although the level of expression of the chimeric HIV-2 gag gene with the V3 domain of either HIV-1 gp120 (gagC-1V3) or HIV-2 gp120 (gagC-2V3) was high, the VLP assembly and extracellular release of GagC-1V3 was very poor. In contrast, GagC-2V3 chimeric proteins formed VLPs and released efficiently. We have constructed substitution mutants to investigate the effects of the hydrophobic region of the V3 domain of HIV-1 Gp120 (1V3) in VLP assembly and release. The substitution mutant analyses revealed that in replacing the hydrophobic region of the 1V3 in GagC-1V3 with the hydrophilic sequence of the V3 domain of HIV-2 Gp120 (2V3) enhanced the extracellular VLP. We demonstrate here that disruption of the hydrophobic character of the C-terminus of the chimeric protein improves assembly and release of the VLPs. Our results suggest that the poor GagC-1V3 VLP release was attributed to the hydrophobic region in the V3 sequence of the chimeric protein, and that not only the N-terminal myristylation and positively charged domain of the Gag protein functioned as a targeting signal to direct membrane binding, but also that the C-terminal hydrophobic region affected release of chimeric VLPs.