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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices
13:32

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Published on: January 14, 2014

Hypoxia and the lung: beyond hypoxic vasoconstriction.

Mark R Nicolls1, Norbert F Voelkel

  • 1Pulmonary Hypertension Center and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. norbert.voelkel@uchsc.edu

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia, or low oxygen, impacts lung function by altering gene expression, cellular processes, and immune cell activity. Further research will explore its role in immune responses via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices
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Published on: January 14, 2014

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung
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Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hypoxia traditionally impacts lung vasoconstriction and blood flow.
  • Emerging evidence suggests broader cellular and molecular effects of hypoxia in the lung.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted effects of hypoxia on lung physiology beyond traditional vascular control.
  • To elucidate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in regulating gene expression related to cellular metabolism, growth, and inflammation.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which hypoxia influences immune cell recruitment and function in the lung, particularly involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current literature on hypoxia in pulmonary research.
  • Analysis of the role of transcription factors, specifically HIF-1alpha.
  • Examination of signaling pathways involving VEGF and its receptors in immune cells within the lung.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia, mediated by HIF-1alpha, upregulates numerous genes involved in cellular metabolism, growth, and inflammation.
  • Hypoxia, likely through VEGF, promotes the recruitment of bone marrow precursor cells to the lung.
  • Hypoxia influences the behavior and function of various immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophils, and dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia exerts significant influence on lung function extending beyond vasoconstriction.
  • HIF-1alpha is a key mediator of hypoxia's effects on cellular processes and inflammation in the lung.
  • VEGF-mediated interactions between hypoxia, immune cells, and lung vasculature represent a critical area for future investigation into pulmonary immune responses.