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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

Published on: November 11, 2013

Toward cost-effective initial care for substance-abusing homeless.

Jesse B Milby¹, Joseph E Schumacher, Rudy E Vuchinich

¹Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA. jmilby@uab.edu

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment

|May 22, 2007

Summary

Contingency management plus (CM+) showed delayed, more durable abstinence in homeless cocaine users compared to contingency management alone (CM). CM alone may be viable initial care, while CM+ could serve as stepped-up treatment.

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Area of Science:

Addiction Medicine
Behavioral Psychology
Public Health

Background:

Homelessness and cocaine dependence present significant public health challenges.
Effective, evidence-based treatments are crucial for this vulnerable population.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy of contingency management plus (CM+) versus contingency management alone (CM) for cocaine dependence in homeless individuals.
To evaluate short-term and long-term treatment outcomes, including abstinence and treatment attendance.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial involving 206 homeless participants with cocaine dependence.
Participants received housing and employment contingent on drug-negative urine tests.
CM+ group received additional cognitive-behavioral therapy and goal management interventions.

Main Results:

No significant differences in attendance or abstinence were observed during the 24-week active treatment phase between CM+ and CM.
However, CM+ demonstrated significantly higher abstinence rates from 6 to 18 months post-treatment, indicating a delayed effect.
CM+ also showed more consecutive weeks of abstinence over 52 weeks, though not during active treatment.

Conclusions:

Contingency management alone may be a sufficient initial treatment for homeless individuals with cocaine dependence.
Contingency management plus offers a more durable abstinence effect, suggesting its utility as a stepped-up care option for non-responders to CM.