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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

Mechanical Protein Function

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Interview: Protein Folding and Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Interview: Protein Folding and Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: July 16, 2008

Proteasomes: machines for all reasons.

George N Demartino¹, Thomas G Gillette

¹Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. george.demartino@utsouthwestern.edu

|May 22, 2007

Summary

The proteasome, known for protein degradation, also regulates cellular processes by altering its composition. This study shows how proteasome composition changes control ubiquitin homeostasis, revealing a new role for this cellular machinery.

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Area of Science:

Cellular Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The proteasome is primarily known for its role in degrading ubiquitinated proteins.
Its function in cellular regulation is increasingly recognized as more diverse than initially understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of proteasome composition in cellular regulation.
To explore how alterations in proteasome structure influence ubiquitin homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Analysis of proteasome composition under specific cellular conditions.
Assessment of ubiquitin homeostasis in relation to proteasome structural changes.

Main Results:

Proteasome composition can be dynamically altered.
Changes in proteasome composition are linked to the control of ubiquitin homeostasis.

Conclusions:

The proteasome has a regulatory role beyond simple protein degradation.
Modulating proteasome composition is a mechanism for maintaining cellular balance, specifically ubiquitin homeostasis.