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Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replicative Cell Senescence

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay

Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay

Published on: April 21, 2023

Highly characteristic and individual specific telomere length patterns in cattle.

Burkhard Mayr¹, Harald Korb, Thomas Oppeneiger

¹Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. burkhard.mayr@vu-wien.at

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)

|May 22, 2007

Summary

Telomere length patterns in cattle are highly variable between individual bulls. Each bull exhibits a unique telomere length profile, indicating distinct genetic characteristics.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay

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Observation and Quantification of Telomere and Repetitive Sequences Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Modified Terminal Restriction Fragment Analysis for Quantifying Telomere Length Using In-gel Hybridization

Modified Terminal Restriction Fragment Analysis for Quantifying Telomere Length Using In-gel Hybridization

Published on: July 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Genetics
Molecular Biology
Cytogenetics

Background:

Telomeres are crucial for chromosomal stability.
Understanding telomere length variation is important in animal breeding.
Previous studies on cattle telomeres are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize telomere length patterns in artificial insemination (AI) bulls.
To identify specific chromosomes associated with telomeres.
To visualize heterochromatin adjacent to telomeres.

Main Methods:

Utilized a combined primed in situ labelling (PRINS) method.
Employed fluorescence staining with 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI).
Applied fluorescence-banding techniques for detailed chromosomal analysis.

Main Results:

Observed a highly heterogeneous telomere length pattern across the studied cattle population.
Demonstrated that each individual bull possesses a unique and characteristic telomere length pattern.
Successfully identified specific chromosomes and visualized neighboring heterochromatin.

Conclusions:

Telomere length is a highly variable trait in cattle.
Individualized telomere length patterns may serve as genetic markers.
The PRINS/DAPI/PI method is effective for detailed telomere and heterochromatin characterization in cattle.