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Related Experiment Videos

Climate change and trace gases.

James Hansen1, Makiko Sato, Pushker Kharecha

  • 1NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University Earth Institute, New York, NY 10025, USA. jhansen@giss.nasa.gov

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary
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Earth's climate is highly sensitive to forcings, with positive feedbacks like the albedo flip potentially triggering abrupt climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), is crucial to prevent dangerous climate shifts.

Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Climate Dynamics
  • Palaeoclimatology

Background:

  • Earth's climate system exhibits high sensitivity to global forcings.
  • Positive feedbacks, such as the ice-albedo feedback, can amplify initial climate changes.
  • Past climate data indicate the potential for rapid shifts between climate states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the sensitivity of Earth's climate to various global forcings.
  • To highlight the role of positive feedbacks in amplifying climate change.
  • To assess the risks posed by current greenhouse gas emissions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of palaeoclimate data to understand past climate sensitivity.
  • Identification and evaluation of key climate feedback mechanisms.

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  • Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

    • Main Results:

    • The 'albedo flip' mechanism of ice/water can act as a trigger for abrupt climate change.
    • Current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are pushing the climate system towards dangerous tipping points.
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are significant anthropogenic forcings.
    • Black carbon is identified as a potent warming agent with high global warming potential.

    Conclusions:

    • Urgent, simultaneous reduction of CO2 and non-CO2 forcings is necessary to stabilize climate.
    • Mitigation efforts targeting methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and black carbon are essential.
    • Reducing high-latitude forcings can help preserve Arctic ice and yield co-benefits for health and agriculture.