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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
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Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
08:49

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Published on: June 6, 2020

Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: evidence-based practice.

Alison G Cahill1, George A Macones

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA. cahilla@wustl.edu

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Women considering vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) need evidence-based guidance. Research clarifies VBAC risks and success factors for informed patient and practitioner decisions.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Cesarean delivery rates remain high nationally.
  • Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is a common consideration for subsequent pregnancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an evidence-based approach for counseling and decision-making regarding VBAC.
  • To identify factors influencing VBAC success and associated risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on VBAC.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding risks and success factors.

Main Results:

  • Growing body of literature provides concrete evidence on VBAC.
  • Established risks and influencing factors for VBAC success are defined.

Conclusions:

  • An evidence-based approach is crucial for managing VBAC considerations.
  • Informed counseling and decision-making support practitioners and patients.