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Related Concept Videos

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Induction01:16

Induction

An emf is induced when the magnetic field in a coil is changed by pushing a bar magnet into or out of the coil. emfs of opposite signs are produced by motion in opposite directions, and the directions of emfs are also reversed by reversing poles. The same results are produced if the coil is moved rather than the magnet—it is the relative motion that is important. The faster the motion, the greater the emf. Additionally, there is no emf when the magnet is stationary relative to the coil.
A...
Self-Inductance01:24

Self-Inductance

Mutual inductance arises when a current in one circuit produces a changing magnetic field that induces an emf in another circuit. On the other hand, self-inductance arises when the current passing through the circuit changes, creating a changing magnetic flux, resulting in inductance in the same circuit.
Consider a circuit connected to an AC source. As the current varies with time, the magnetic flux through the circuit correspondingly changes. Faraday's law tells us that an emf would therefore...
Inductors01:20

Inductors

An inductor, also known as a choke, is a circuit component created to have a specific inductance. Inductors are among the crucial circuit components used in modern electronics, along with resistors and capacitors. They serve as a barrier against changes in a circuit's current. An inductor tends to suppress current changes in an alternating-current circuit that are faster than desired. In a direct-current circuit, an inductor aids in preserving a constant current despite changes in the applied...
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Mathematical Induction

Mathematical induction is a structured method of proof used to confirm the truth of statements involving natural numbers. Consider the sum of the first n natural numbers:This formula describes a pattern that appears to hold true as more terms are added. To verify that it is valid for all natural numbers, mathematical induction proceeds in two essential steps. The first is the base case, where the formula is tested for the initial value, typically n = 1. Substituting into both sides confirms the...

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Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
10:37

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Published on: August 27, 2013

Elective induction: When? Ever?

William A Grobman1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA. w-grobman@northwestern.edu

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elective labor induction may increase risks for pregnant women, especially those with no prior births or unfavorable cervix conditions. This study examines outcomes for elective inductions versus spontaneous labor.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Labor induction frequency is rising, with a notable increase in elective inductions.
  • Elective inductions lack direct medical necessity, prompting risk-benefit analysis.
  • Understanding risks associated with elective induction is crucial for informed decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if elective labor induction impacts pregnancy outcomes compared to spontaneous labor.
  • To investigate the influence of parity and cervical ripeness on these outcomes.
  • To provide evidence for clinical guidelines regarding elective induction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of pregnancy outcomes.
  • Comparison of outcomes between elective induction and spontaneous labor groups.
  • Stratification of analysis by parity (nulliparous vs. multiparous) and cervical ripeness.

Main Results:

  • Elective induction is associated with altered pregnancy outcomes.
  • Parity and cervical ripeness significantly modify the association between elective induction and outcomes.
  • Specific risks identified for nulliparous women and those with unfavorable cervical conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The decision for elective labor induction requires careful consideration of individual patient factors.
  • Nulliparous women and those with unfavorable cervices may face increased risks with elective induction.
  • Further research is needed to optimize induction protocols and patient selection.