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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons
06:42

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Published on: August 18, 2014

Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex.

Bradley J Molyneaux1, Paola Arlotta, Joao R L Menezes

  • 1MGH-HMS Center for Nervous System Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances reveal how mammalian neocortical progenitors specify projection neurons. Understanding gene roles and progenitor plasticity is key to deciphering neuronal development.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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Published on: August 18, 2014

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09:55

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Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

Published on: December 3, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Significant progress in understanding mammalian neocortical projection neuron specification.
  • New experimental techniques enable progenitor identification and lineage tracing.
  • Numerous genes with specific roles in neocortical development are being discovered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on neocortical progenitor identity.
  • To examine the function of specific genes in projection neuron specification.
  • To discuss the implications for progenitor plasticity during development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent experimental data.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns in the neocortex.
  • Assessment of lineage relationships of neocortical projection neurons.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key genes regulating layer and subtype specificity.
  • Elucidation of progenitor cell behaviors during development.
  • Evidence for progenitor plasticity in generating diverse neuronal types.

Conclusions:

  • Neocortical progenitor identity and plasticity are crucial for projection neuron development.
  • Specific genes play critical roles in determining neuronal fate and subtype.
  • Further research into progenitor plasticity can inform our understanding of brain development and disorders.