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Related Concept Videos

Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Published on: March 10, 2020

Useful 'junk': Alu RNAs in the human transcriptome.

J Häsler1, T Samuelsson, K Strub

  • 1Université de Genève, Département de Biologie Cellulaire, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève-4, Switzerland.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|May 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Alu elements, once considered junk DNA, are abundant in the human genome. These repetitive elements, transcribed as free or embedded Alu RNAs, significantly regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Alu elements are the most abundant repetitive sequences in the human genome, with over one million copies.
  • These elements have amplified through retrotransposition.
  • Alu elements can be transcribed by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) as 'free Alu RNAs' or by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) as 'embedded Alu RNAs'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional roles of free and embedded Alu RNAs in gene expression regulation.
  • To understand how sequences previously classified as 'junk DNA' contribute to cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Alu RNA transcription by Pol III and Pol II.
  • Investigation of the impact of Alu RNAs on post-transcriptional gene regulation mechanisms.
  • Experimental validation of Alu RNA functions in controlling gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Both free and embedded Alu RNAs are actively involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
  • Alu RNAs influence key processes including protein translation, alternative splicing, and mRNA stability.
  • Demonstration of functional roles for previously disregarded genomic elements.

Conclusions:

  • Alu RNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression, highlighting a functional role for repetitive DNA.
  • The human genome's 'junk DNA' harbors regulatory elements essential for cellular function.
  • These findings redefine our understanding of genomic regulation and the utility of repetitive elements.