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Related Concept Videos

Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
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Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

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Published on: February 4, 2017

Optical excitation yin and yang.

Daniel Evanko

    Nature Methods
    |May 22, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Halorhodopsin and channelrhodopsin-2 offer complementary control over neuronal activity using light. This provides a powerful tool for optogenetic research and neuroscience applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Optogenetics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-activated ion channel used for neuronal excitation.
    • A complementary system is needed for neuronal inhibition under light control.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential of halorhodopsin as a light-activated chloride pump for neuronal inhibition.
    • To establish a dual-color photoinducible system for precise control of neuronal activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Genetically encoded halorhodopsin expression in neurons.
    • Two-photon optogenetic stimulation with distinct wavelengths.
    • Electrophysiological recordings to assess neuronal activity.

    Main Results:

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  • Halorhodopsin effectively mediated light-induced neuronal inhibition.
  • Co-expression with channelrhodopsin-2 allowed for independent photoactivation and photoinhibition.
  • Precise temporal control over neuronal firing patterns was achieved.

    • Conclusions:

    • Halorhodopsin serves as an effective counterpart to channelrhodopsin-2 for bidirectional optogenetic control.
    • This dual system enhances the toolkit for studying neural circuits and brain function.