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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

[XPS research on thymine implanted by low energy N+].

Yun-hong Gu1, Wei-dong Wang, Guang-yong Qin

  • 1Henan Province Ion Beam Bioengineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
|May 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Low energy nitrogen ion implantation alters thymine's molecular structure. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals significant changes in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen composition and bonding, indicating molecular damage.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Published on: May 3, 2019

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Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
10:00

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Published on: July 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Radiation Chemistry

Context:

  • Investigating the effects of low energy ion beam implantation on biological molecules.
  • Understanding radiation-induced molecular variations is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • DNA, specifically thymine, serves as a model for studying these effects.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the structural and chemical changes in thymine after low energy nitrogen ion (N+) implantation.
  • To utilize X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to probe the elemental composition and chemical states.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of induced variation in biological molecules under ion bombardment.

Summary:

  • XPS analysis of N+ implanted thymine samples showed altered elemental ratios: increased carbon, decreased nitrogen and oxygen.
  • Significant shifts in O(1s) peak location and changes in N(1s) (one to three peaks) and C(1s) (two to one peak) indicated chemical environment modification.
  • The study confirmed substantial changes in the chemical environment and physical structure of thymine, leading to molecular destruction and alteration.

Impact:

  • Demonstrates that N+ ion implantation can significantly damage and modify thymine's molecular structure.
  • Provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of radiation-induced damage at the molecular level.
  • Contributes to understanding the effects of ion beam technologies in biological and materials science applications.