Use of portable ultrasonography as a nondestructive method for estimating reproductive effort in lizards

Obtaining population-level life history data such as egg and clutch size in reptiles has most often required that individuals be sacrificed. This prevents a reexamination of individuals over intra-annual and inter-annual time scales, limiting insight into the effects of varying environmental conditions on reproductive output. Here, we test the use of a laptop-sized portable ultrasound imaging system as a nondestructive means for quantifying reproductive investment in five species of lizards with a range of body sizes, forms and life histories. Ultrasound scans produced egg counts that were accurate for clutch sizes of two to seven eggs, and provided good estimates (within 5.5+/-1.69 eggs, mean +/- s.e.m., relative error 21%) for clutch sizes of between 18 and 41 eggs. Egg measurements using virtual calipers produced average egg volumes that deviated from actual volumes by 0.09+/-0.01 cm(3) (relative error 25.9%), and estimated clutch volumes that differed from actual volumes by 1.03+/-0.26 cm(3) (relative error 29.5%). We also monitored development in five lizard species and found that changes in follicle and egg size and degree of embryonic development can be measured over periods of just a few days.