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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Bisphosphonate action: revelations and deceptions from in vitro studies.

Aaron Schindeler1, David G Little

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|May 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Bisphosphonates (BPs) target bone-resorbing osteoclasts, not other bone cells. This finding clarifies BP specificity and potential off-target effects in osteoporosis and cancer treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Bisphosphonates (BPs) are crucial for treating bone diseases like osteoporosis and managing skeletal complications in cancer.
  • Their high affinity for bone surfaces is key to their specificity.
  • The exact cellular targets of BPs on bone surfaces remain debated, with proposed effects on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and other cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular targets of bisphosphonates (BPs) on bone surfaces.
  • To clarify the mechanism of BP action in bone remodeling and disease management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging in vitro studies and revised culture systems.
  • Analysis of BP release and uptake dynamics from bone surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests BPs are primarily released and internalized by resorbing osteoclasts.
  • Non-resorbing cells have limited exposure to BPs, mainly during the initial post-dosing period.
  • Revised culture systems better mimic in vivo BP pharmacodynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Osteoclasts are the principal cellular targets of bisphosphonates.
  • This clarifies the mechanism of action and potential for off-target effects.
  • Understanding BP-osteoclast interaction is vital for optimizing osteoporosis and cancer treatment.