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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Papillary thyroid carcinoma with thyroid-associated orbitopathy in a euthyroid state.

Jin Sook Yoon1, Helen Lew, Jeong Soo Park

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Medical College, Institute of Vision Research, Seoul, Korea.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|May 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) can rarely indicate underlying papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in euthyroid patients. Early evaluation for thyroid cancer is crucial in TAO cases, even without hyperthyroidism.

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune condition affecting the eyes, typically linked to thyroid dysfunction.
  • Concurrent TAO and thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, is exceptionally rare.

Observation:

  • This study details 5 euthyroid patients with no prior thyroid disease who presented with TAO and were later diagnosed with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
  • Clinical signs included proptosis, ocular motility restriction, and eyelid retraction, without hyperthyroid symptoms.
  • All patients tested positive for thyroid-binding inhibiting immunoglobulin.

Findings:

  • Neck imaging revealed thyroid nodules, confirmed as papillary carcinoma via fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  • Ophthalmic symptoms did not resolve after thyroid cancer treatment.
  • The findings suggest papillary microcarcinoma can occur in autoimmune settings without causing overt hyperthyroidism.

Implications:

  • Patients presenting with TAO require thorough evaluation for concurrent papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, irrespective of thyroid hormone levels.
  • This highlights the importance of considering less common presentations of thyroid cancer.
  • Early diagnosis and management of co-occurring conditions can potentially improve patient outcomes.