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Related Concept Videos

Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
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Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

[Human papillomavirus vaccination. Consensus Conference in pediatric age].

G Bartolozzi1, G Bona, M Ciofi

  • 1Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze.

Minerva Pediatrica
|May 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common, but prophylactic vaccines targeting high-risk HPV genotypes 16 and 18, and low-risk types 6 and 11, are safe and effective. Vaccination before sexual debut is crucial for preventing HPV-related cancers and genital warts.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally.
  • Chronic infection with high-risk HPV genotypes (e.g., HPV 16 and 18) is linked to cervical cancer, accounting for 70% of cases.
  • Low-risk HPV genotypes (e.g., HPV 6 and 11) are associated with genital warts.

Framework:

  • Two prophylactic vaccines utilizing L1 capsid protein virus-like particles (VLPs) for HPV 16 and 18 have been developed.
  • A quadrivalent vaccine includes VLPs for HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18, approved for females aged 9-26.
  • These vaccines have demonstrated safety, tolerability, and efficacy in preventing chronic infections and associated lesions.

Implementation:

  • Vaccine effectiveness is maximized when administered prior to sexual activity.
  • In Italy, the vaccination program targets 12-year-old girls.
  • A consensus conference reviewed HPV infection, cancer links, vaccine advancements, and the pediatrician's role in adoption.

Implications:

  • Prophylactic HPV vaccination represents a key strategy in primary cancer prevention.
  • Optimal adoption requires understanding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the importance of timely administration.
  • Paediatricians play a vital role in educating and implementing this preventive health measure.