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Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis
Matthew N Van Ert1, W Ryan Easterday, Lynn Y Huynh
1Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.
Plos One
|May 24, 2007
Summary
Genomic analysis of Bacillus anthracis reveals its global spread, driven by human activity. This study maps anthrax evolution and diversity, aiding in outbreak investigations.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Evolutionary Biology
- Genomics
Background:
- Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, is a globally significant disease with a poorly understood population structure.
- Historical transmission patterns are largely anecdotal, necessitating modern genomic approaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the global population structure and evolutionary history of Bacillus anthracis.
- To identify genetic markers for subtyping and tracking anthrax isolates worldwide.
- To assess the role of human activities in the dispersal and evolution of anthrax.
Main Methods:
- Whole-genome sequencing of diverse Bacillus anthracis strains to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
- Phylogenetic reconstruction using identified SNPs and 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers.
- Subtyping of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create a comprehensive genotype dataset.
Main Results:
- Identified rare SNPs defining major clonal lineages (A, B, C) and 12 sub-lineages within B. anthracis.
- Subdivided isolates into 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes, revealing extensive global diversity.
- Demonstrated widespread global distribution of lineage A, contrasting with more restricted ranges for lineages B and C.
- Molecular clock analysis indicated a massive radiation of lineage A in the mid-Holocene.
- Human activities, including colonial and industrial importations, significantly shaped the global population structure of B. anthracis.
Conclusions:
- Human actions have been pivotal in the proliferation and global dissemination of Bacillus anthracis.
- Genomic analysis provides valuable tools for understanding anthrax evolution and investigating bioterrorism-related outbreaks.
- The study establishes global patterns of anthrax diversity and evolutionary progression.
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