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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial evaluating a...
Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

The difference between hazard and risk in the relation between bone density and fracture.

B E Christopher Nordin1, Peter A Baghurst, Andrew Metcalfe

  • 1Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, PO Box 14, Rundle Mall, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia. christopher.nordin@imvs.sa.gov.au

Calcified Tissue International
|May 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Relative hazard estimates for fracture risk are misleading when bone mineral density is low. This study demonstrates converting hazard to absolute risk, revealing inaccuracies in current practices for assessing bone density and fracture risk.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Biostatistics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Fracture risk assessment commonly uses relative hazard from Cox models.
  • Relative hazard quantifies increased risk per standard deviation decrease in bone mineral density (BMD).
  • Current methods may misrepresent absolute fracture risk, especially at higher risk levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the conversion of relative hazard to absolute risk.
  • To highlight the limitations of equating relative hazard with relative risk in bone density studies.
  • To provide a more accurate method for assessing fracture risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Cox proportional hazards model framework.
  • Developed a method to translate relative hazard estimates into absolute risk.
  • Analyzed the impact of risk level and time on the accuracy of hazard-to-risk conversion.

Main Results:

  • Relative hazard is only equivalent to relative risk at very low absolute risk levels.
  • The multiplicative nature of relative hazard becomes inappropriate for higher absolute risks.
  • Misleading conclusions about fracture risk can arise from current practices.

Conclusions:

  • Equating relative hazard with relative risk overestimates fracture risk at higher levels.
  • Accurate fracture risk assessment requires converting relative hazard to absolute risk.
  • This conversion is crucial for appropriate clinical and public health decision-making regarding bone density.