Diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 possesses weak EF2-ADP-ribosyl activity that potentiates its anti-tumorigenic activity

CRM197, a mutated diphtheria toxin (DT), has long been recognized to be a non-toxic protein. Based on its non-toxic feature, this protein has been utilized for various purposes, including as an inhibitor of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and as an immunological adjuvant for vaccination. Here we show evidence that CRM197 has a weak toxicity. This toxicity was observed in cells over-expressing the DT receptor/proHB-EGF, but not in parental cells, indicating that the toxicity was mediated through DT receptor. CRM197 did not show any toxicity toward DT-resistant cells, which have a mutation in elongation factor 2, and a cell-free assay revealed the existence of weak EF-2-ADP ribosylation activity in fragment A of CRM197. Thus, the present study indicates a requirement for specific care in the use of CRM197 at a high dosage, although the toxicity of CRM197 is about 10(6) times less than that of wild-type DT. We found that a monoclonal antibody to DT inhibited CRM197 toxicity, but did not affect the inhibitory activity of CRM197 toward HB-EGF-induced mitogenic activity. CRM197 strongly inhibits tumour growth in nude mice. The anti-DT monoclonal antibody administered with CRM197 reduced the anti- tumourigenic effect of CRM197, indicating that the toxicity of CRM197 potentiates its anti- tumourigenic effect.