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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
13:48

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Published on: August 8, 2014

Nutrient load generated by storm event runoff from a golf course watershed.

K W King1, J C Balogh, K L Hughes

  • 1USDA-ARS, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. king.220@osu.edu

Journal of Environmental Quality
|May 29, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Golf course runoff shows increased phosphorus levels, exceeding environmental guidelines. While nitrogen transport is minimal, phosphorus management is crucial to mitigate water pollution risks from urban turf.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Quality Management
  • Urban Ecology

Background:

  • Urban turf, including golf courses, receives substantial fertilizer and water inputs.
  • There is a perception that turf systems significantly contribute to nonpoint source water pollution.
  • Quantifying nutrient transport from managed urban landscapes is essential for environmental risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify nutrient (nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus) transport in storm-generated surface runoff from a golf course.
  • To assess the environmental risk associated with nutrient loads from golf course operations.
  • To compare nutrient loads with applied fertilizers and established water quality guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Collected storm event surface runoff samples over five years (1998-2003) at a municipal golf course.
  • Monitored inflow and outflow nutrient concentrations in a stream transecting the golf course.
  • Measured 115 runoff-producing precipitation events to quantify nutrient loads.

Main Results:

  • Median nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) and phosphate-phosphorus (PO(4)-P) concentrations were significantly higher at the outflow than inflow.
  • Median ammonium-nitrogen (NH(4)-N) concentration was significantly lower at the outflow.
  • Storm water runoff transported 1.2 kg NO(3)-N ha(-1) yr(-1), 0.23 kg NH(4)-N ha(-1) yr(-1), and 0.51 kg PO(4)-P ha(-1) yr(-1).
  • These nutrient loads represented approximately 3.3% of applied nitrogen and 6.2% of applied phosphorus.
  • Median PO(4)-P concentration exceeded the USEPA recommendation for streams not discharging into lakes.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrate-nitrogen transport from the golf course does not pose a substantial environmental risk.
  • Phosphate-phosphorus loads are comparable to those from agricultural lands and exceed water quality guidelines.
  • Balancing golf course fertility management with environmental risks, particularly phosphorus, is necessary.