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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

Indium hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and oxides nanocrystals series.

Zhongbin Zhuang¹, Qing Peng, Junfeng Liu

¹Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, Peoples Republic of China.

Inorganic Chemistry

|May 29, 2007

Summary

Researchers synthesized various indium hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, and oxide nanocrystals. Multipod-based indium oxide gas sensors showed the best response to ethanol vapor.

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Published on: May 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

Indium compounds like indium hydroxide (In(OH)(3)), indium oxyhydroxide (InOOH), and indium oxide (In(2)O(3)) are crucial n-type semiconductors.
These materials possess diverse applications in various material fields.

Purpose of the Study:

To selectively synthesize In(OH)(3) and InOOH nanocrystals with controlled structures and morphologies.
To investigate the transformation of these precursors into In(2)O(3) while preserving size and morphology.
To explore the structure-dependent gas-sensing properties of the synthesized indium oxide nanocrystals.

Main Methods:

Liquid-phase reaction with controlled solvent alkalinity and polarity for selective synthesis.
Characterization techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED).
Fabrication of gas sensors using synthesized In(2)O(3) nanocrystals.

Main Results:

Selective synthesis of In(OH)(3) and InOOH nanocrystals with morphologies like nanocubes, nanorods, multipods, and nanoparticles.
Orthorhombic InOOH multipods with arms growing along nonequivalent faces were observed.
Cubic and hexagonal In(2)O(3) were successfully obtained from In(OH)(3) and InOOH precursors, respectively, with notable retention of size and morphology.
Gas sensors fabricated from In(2)O(3) demonstrated promising performance, with a device based on multipods exhibiting the best response to ethanol vapor.

Conclusions:

The study successfully demonstrated controlled synthesis of indium-based nanocrystals.
The findings highlight the potential of indium oxide nanocrystals, particularly multipods, for gas-sensing applications.
This work provides a foundation for understanding the relationship between nanocrystal structure and gas-sensing capabilities.