Zinc toxicity to nitrification in soil and soilless culture can be predicted with the same biotic ligand model

The inhibitory effect of Zn on the nitrification process in ZnCl2 spiked soils (12 soils, pH range 4.8-7.5) was compared to toxic effects of Zn on the nitrification by Nitrosospira sp. in soilless solutions with varying pH (pH 6-8) and ionic composition. The nitrification was reduced by 20% at Zn solution concentrations (EC20) ranging between 7 and 1200 microM Zn in the soil pore water and between 5 and 150 microM Zn in the soilless solutions. Protective effects of H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ against Zn2+ toxicity were observed in both systems. Zinc speciation was determined, and 60-90% of the Zn in the soils and 35-80% of the Zn in the soilless solutions was present as Zn2+. A biotic ligand model and a Freundlich-type model, incorporating the competition of Zn2+ ions with H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ for binding on the biotic ligands, were used to model the results. The Zn2+ activities resulting in 20% reduction of the nitrification were well predicted using the same parameters for both (soil and soilless) systems, indicating that microorganisms in soil are exposed to zinc through the free zinc ion in soil pore water.