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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
Published on: January 26, 2019
How is persistent insomnia maintained? A prospective study on 50-60 years old adults in the general population
Markus Jansson-Fröjmark1, Daniel Lundquist, Nina Lundquist
1Department of Behavioral, Social, and Legal Sciences, Orebro University, Sweden. markus.jansson@bsr.oru.se
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to examine whether arousal, distress and sleep-related beliefs are related to the maintenance of insomnia in old adults.
Design:
From a randomly selected sample from the general population (N=3,600; 50-60 years old), 2,239 participants filled out a baseline and 1-year follow-up survey.
Methods:
Logistic regressions were used to investigate whether psychological mechanisms were related to sleep status (insomnia: N=230; poor sleep: N=210; normal sleep: N=658; good sleep: N=253) over one year. Cluster analysis was employed to assess whether it was possible to classify the participants based on their profiles of psychological functioning.
Results:
The results showed that arousal, sleep-related beliefs about future consequences and anxiety were significantly related to the maintenance of insomnia (14-66% of the variance). Out of the individuals with persistent insomnia, 67% belonged to a cluster characterized by high scores on arousal, sleep-related beliefs and anxiety, 24% to a cluster defined by medium scores on the three mechanisms and 9% to a cluster characterized by low scores on the three mechanisms.
Conclusions:
This investigation shows not only that arousal, sleep-related beliefs and anxiety are associated with the maintenance of persistent insomnia, but also that these mechanisms often co-occur in individuals with persistent insomnia.
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